If you think you have it bad, just consider the woodchuck. The males emerged from hibernation weeks ago only to find the ground covered with snow. There wasn’t much to eat, and the weather wasn’t very spring-like. But no matter–they were more interested in procreation than food or comfort, and they spent their time searching out burrows occupied by females. Upon finding a receptive female the male entered the den and copulated with her, then moved on in search of another one. With nothing much to eat the roaming males, which may have dropped up to 1/3 of their body weight during hibernation, lost even more body mass. Meanwhile, the female woodchucks remained underground and got a few more weeks of sleep.
This delayed emergence is important because, like the males, female woodchucks have already lost weight during hibernation and losing even more would impair their ability to give birth to healthy young. Their appearance above ground coincides with the onset of new spring growth and their condition improves rapidly.
I found the den pictured below in early March. A few inches of new snow covered about a foot of denser old snow, which made for nice tracking. There weren’t any tracks beyond those shown in the photo, so it looked like the animal came out, took a look around, and then went back into the burrow. The mud-on-snow tracks are remarkably clear–check out the right front print just to the right of center.
Finding such unmarred tracks around burrows becomes less likely as the season advances and the animals make more forays to and from their winter refuges. The photo below, also from early March but taken a few years ago, shows the muddy and partially melted evidence of several trips. In both of these cases the weather was still pretty cold and there was a substantial snowpack, so these were most likely males in the throes of spring (or rather mating) fever.
As winter loosens its grip woodchuck tracks start becoming more widespread in fields and forest edges. In the photo below the direction of travel is from the lower left of the frame to the upper right, and the impressions form a zig-zag pattern. Each angle of the zig-zag is composed of two
tracks, the rear positioned roughly on top of or close to the front track from the same side. These are the characteristics of the indirect register walk, the woodchuck’s most common gait. Starting from the lower left, the sequence in the photo above is right hind on right front, left hind on left front, right front with right hind just ahead, left hind on left front. To the right of the first set of left front and hind there are some gray squirrel tracks heading in the opposite direction.
By the way, woodchucks are also known as groundhogs, but I prefer the name woodchuck, because the word derives from one of its Native American names. Woodchucks weren’t as common in pre-colonial times as they are now, but their populations would have been concentrated around cultivated fields so they would have been familiar to Native Americans. They still thrive in agricultural landscapes, and are sometimes seen as pests. From an ecological point of view they are actually beneficial. Woodchuck excavations help to turn over and aerate soils, and their burrows provide homes for many other animals.
The photo above shows a burrow I found after a very cold night. Rabbit tracks led both in and out, but this hole wasn’t dug by a rabbit. Unlike European rabbits, which construct extensive tunnel systems called warrens, our cottontails don’t dig burrows. They get along just fine without underground housing, unless it’s very cold. When that happens they find shelter, and that shelter is often a woodchuck burrow.