Tag: great blue heron

Streamside Discoveries

As the high water levels of late winter and early spring subside, stream and lake margins become interesting tracking locations. Water is a magnet for wildlife, and visiting creatures leave the evidence of their activities along the shoreline. A great blue heron left the collection of tracks shown in the photo below. The feet of herons resemble the feet of songbirds, with one backward-pointing toe and three forward-pointing toes. But unlike most songbirds, the toes of herons don’t all meet at one point. There’s a left print (facing toward the lower right) in the upper left corner of the photo that shows this nicely. The junction between the backward-pointing toe and the inner forward-pointing toe lies to the left of the intersection between the two outer toes. Another way of saying this is that the two outer forward-pointing toes join a little to the outside of the center of the foot. The same asymmetry shows in the right track in the lower right corner.

The spotted sandpiper is another bird that patrols stream and lake margins. These small birds–about the size of a starling–search for invertebrates on the edges of streams, ponds, marshes, and other bodies of fresh water. Their tracks (shown in the next photo) reflect their erratic and meandering movements. The three forward-pointing toes are relatively symmetrical and diverge at wide angles. On the back of the foot there’s short spur oriented to the inside that may or may not make an impression in tracks. The left print just below the stick in the upper right corner shows the spur nicely.

Raccoons prefer comfortable surfaces so it’s no accident that the animal that left the tracks shown in the photo below stepped along a soft deposit of sand left by a recent flood. The raccoon moved from the upper right to the lower left, leaving tracks in the sequence right rear, left front, left rear, right front. The difference between the wider but tighter rear track and the narrower, more spreading front track is easily seen in the set of prints at the upper right. Raccoons habitually work the edges of streams and ponds where they find tasty shellfish, frogs, crayfish and other invertebrates. The pattern of alternating sets of hind and front tracks from opposite sides tells us the animal was moving at a pace-walk.

Mink are also in the habit of travelling along the margins of water bodies. The animal that made the tracks in the next photo was moving from right to left at a lope, and the track sequence is right front, right rear, left front, left rear. Like raccoons, mink have five toes on both front and rear feet, but it’s not uncommon for the impression of the inner toe to be missing. In fact the only print in the photo that shows a clear inner toe is the left front. This track also shows the middle pad protuberances (just behind the toes) and the heel pad (the small indentation behind the middle pad). Mink share a taste for crayfish, frogs and invertebrates with raccoons, and occasionally catch small fish. They’re adaptable predators and may also hunt for small mammals on the surrounding land.

The mink’s larger relative, the river otter, also leaves its tracks along the edges of ponds and streams, but for this creature it’s mainly a matter of convenient travel between feeding areas. I found the tracks in the photo below on the inside of a bend in a stream where an otter had taken a short cut across a large sandbar. The sequence of tracks is the same as that of the mink tracks in the previous image, and the family resemblance–both mink and otters are mustelids–can be seen in spite of the different substrates. Otters are more aquatic than mink and capture most of their food in the water.

When they’re not foraging in the water otters spend their time on conveniently accessed sites near the water. They roll on soft surfaces like grass and forest duff to clean and dry their fur, and they socialize with other members of their family group. They also leave notices in the form of scat to non-resident otters that the territory is occupied. The otter scat in the photo below contains crayfish shell fragments, but it’s also common to find scats containing fish scales and bones, or the slimy remains of frogs. Otters often use latrines where scat of various ages and contents can be found.

The beaver is another very aquatic mammal. In the photo below you see two beaver tracks, a right front (above) and a right rear (below), both facing toward the right. In the front track the four toes show clearly and the two heel pads appear as elongated grooves because the foot slipped in the mud. In the bottom part of the frame the three outer toes of the hind print show clearly but the two inner toes are obscured by the front print. As is often the case, the webbing of the hind foot doesn’t show. The size difference between the front and rear tracks is striking and helps us to understand why beavers are such strong swimmers. Beavers feed on the leaves, bark, and stems of woody plants year-round, but during the growing season the diet also includes aquatic plants, cattails, sedges, and forbs. Their tracks usually lead between the water and foraging sites on land, and signs of branches being dragged into the water are common.

Smaller–but just as well adapted to life in water–is the muskrat. Like the beaver, the muskrat has rear feet that are much larger than the front. In the photo below, the track farthest to the left is the right rear, and just to its right you see the right front. On the right side of the frame the left rear lies below the left front. Notice that the small inside toes of the front feet made impressions in both of the front prints. The muskrat’s front feet, like those of the beaver, are adapted for handling food items and building materials rather than for swimming.

If you wander along shorelines you may find muskrat latrines. These sites are usually located on logs or rocks that lie in the water but protrude above water level. In the next photo you can see a rock decorated with scat of varying ages, deposited as an announcement that the territory is occupied. Although muskrats occasionally consume animal foods they are primarily plant eaters, and their scats usually contain fibrous material.

This is just a sampling of some of the wonders to be found along the margins of lakes, streams, and marshes. There’s always something to be discovered, so next time you’re out and about, take a detour to check a stream edge or a muddy shoreline. Better yet–if you don’t mind some wading–try a stream walk. It could be just the thing on a summer day.

Wild Turkeys

It’s a familiar sight these days: a flock of wild turkeys foraging in a distant field. Wild turkey populations have rebounded from a low point in the early twentieth century (caused by overhunting and habitat loss), and the birds have successfully reoccupied and even expanded their original range.

Turkeys spend lots of time on the ground, so we’re likely to see tracks as well as other evidence of their activities. With widths of 4 to 5 1/2 inches, turkey prints are too large to be mistaken for most other birds, and they also differ in structure from all but a few. The turkey track in the photo below has three forward-pointing toes which come together at a metatarsal pad. But unlike the tracks of birds like robins and sparrows there is no backward-pointing toe touching the ground for its whole length. Instead, turkeys may (more on the uncertainty in the next paragraph) have a spur situated higher up on the back of the leg. If you look in the lower part of the photo between the round impression of the metatarsal pad and the multicolored stone you’ll see the mark made by the spur. Because the spur indentation is angled to the right side we know that the track in the photo was made by the left foot. Canada geese differ from turkeys in having webbed feet and outer toes which curve inward. The three forward-pointing toes of the great blue heron can sometimes resemble those of the turkey, but instead of a spur the heron–like the robin–has a backward-pointing toe that usually touches the ground for its whole length and is almost as long as the other three.

Male turkeys are larger than females, so their tracks fall in the upper part of the size range. Another difference between the tracks of males and females is the development of the spur. Both sexes are born with small spur buttons on their legs, but the spurs of tom turkeys grow vigorously in the first few years of the bird’s life. In females the spur initials may develop into smaller spurs, or they may not grow at all. The size of the track in the photo–5 1/8 inches in width–plus the robustness of the spur indentation indicates that it was made by a male turkey.

In the next photo you can see two prints which measured 4 3/8 and 4 1/2 inches in width and lacked spur marks, indicating that they were made by a hen turkey. Even though there aren’t any spur marks it’s easy to tell left from right tracks, because the outer toe of a turkey is longer than the inner toe. In the track at the lower left the toe which points straight up is larger than the one which points to the right and slightly downward, so it’s a left print. At the upper right there’s a right track, with a larger outer toe (the one angled to the right) and a smaller inner toe (pointing upward and a little to the left). But beware: these differences are most clearly expressed on level, moderately firm substrates at modest speeds, and may not be as reliable under other conditions.

Spring is mating season for turkeys, so in addition to tracks you may find signs of the mating displays of the gobblers–strange undulating grooves like the ones in the next photo. These marks were made by the tips of the wing feathers as a tom turkey moved from upper right to lower left with its wings arched out and down. It left a few tracks at the lower left. And my dog added a few prints of his own to the composition.

A displaying turkey (shown in the photo below) is an amazing sight. In addition to spreading and dragging its wings, the gobbler fans out its tail, erects its body feathers, and shows off the engorged flesh on its head and neck. Several strutting toms may jostle around each other while the hens stand nearby observing and assessing. Those which pass muster will be able to mate, and in a month or so their offspring will begin to move around under the protection of their mother.

Birds are meticulous about caring for their feathers, and one way they do this is by taking sand or dust baths. Turkeys are no exception. A turkey in need of a dust bath seeks out a patch of dry soil and scrapes out a depression with its feet. It then lowers itself to the ground and rolls from side to side using its wings to throw dust over its body. At the same time the bird is fluffing its body feathers, spreading its tail, and even rubbing its head in the soil. When sufficiently coated with dust the bird rises and shakes itself off. It’s thought that dust bathing removes excess oil from the feathers and kills parasites. Good dust bathing areas are used repeatedly, leaving hollows like the one in the photo below. Feathers or scat are sometimes found around bathing sites, but the main species identifier is size. Turkey dust baths are usually more than a foot in diameter, while those of grouse or pheasants measure less than a foot.

Turkeys are one of those creatures that have returned to our northeastern forests after a long absence, and they’re well adapted to our habitats. They eat a wide range of foods, from seeds and nuts to insects and small vertebrates. They are strong fliers and powerful runners, and they are notoriously wary of potential danger. Beyond the occasional distant sightings we’re more likely to see tracks and sign than the birds themselves. But the occasional window into their lives is always a welcome find.